The scientific method is a systematic and self-correcting method of investigation, consisting of 5 components:
- observation
- experimentation
- analysis
- hypothesis
- verification.
Saturday, December 25, 2010
Force between Charges
The force between charges is inversely related to the square of the distance d2 between the charge (Charles Coulomb in Paris in 1784).
Voltaic Cell
The voltaic cell is a storage device that converts chemical to electrical energy.
The voltaic cell produces electricity through the chemical action of a metal dissolving in an acid (Alessandro Volta, Italia in 1799).
The voltaic cell produces electricity through the chemical action of a metal dissolving in an acid (Alessandro Volta, Italia in 1799).
Electromagnetism
The theory of electromagnetism is the relationship between magnetism (magnetic) and electricity (electrical effects) (Hans Christian Oersted, Denmark in 1820).
Magnetic Effects
There are magnetic effects around every current-carrying conductor and that current-carrying conductors can attract and repel each other just like magnets (André Ampère, French in 1820).
Electromagnetic Induction
The theory of electromagnetic Induction is whereby a changing curent in one coil can induce a changing current in another coil, even though the two coils are not directly connected (Michael Faraday, English in 1831).
Maxwell's Equations
Maxwell's equations are mathematical analyses which support the efforts of Faraday linking electric and magnetic effects (James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish).
Electromagnetic Theory of Light
The electromagnetic theory of light is that electromagnetic waves travel through air at the velocity of light = 186,000 miles per second or 3 x 108 meters per second (Maxwell, Scottish in 1862).
Velocity
Velocity (speed)
v = d / t
v = velocity
d = distance
t = time
Example:
For a moving object: d = 4000 ft, t = 1 min
v = ? mph (miles per hours)
Solution:
It is given the conversion factor
1 mi = 5280 ft
4000 ft = 0.76 mi
1 min = 1/60 h = 0.017 h
v = d / t = 0.76 mi / 0.017 h = 44.71 mph
v = d / t
v = velocity
d = distance
t = time
Example:
For a moving object: d = 4000 ft, t = 1 min
v = ? mph (miles per hours)
Solution:
It is given the conversion factor
1 mi = 5280 ft
4000 ft = 0.76 mi
1 min = 1/60 h = 0.017 h
v = d / t = 0.76 mi / 0.017 h = 44.71 mph
Conversion Factors
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To convert from To Multiply by
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Btus Calorie-grams 251.996
Ergs 1.054 x 10^10
Foot-pounds 777.649
Hp-hours 0.000393
Joules 1054.35
Kilowatthours 0.000293
Wattseconds 1054.35
-------------------------------------------
Ergs Dyne-centimeters 1.0
Electronvolts 6.242 x 10^11
Foot-pounds 7.376 x 10^-8
Joules 1 x 10^-7
Kilowatthours 2.777 x 10^-14
-------------------------------------------
Electronvolts Ergs 1.60209 x 10^-12
-------------------------------------------
Foot-pounds Dynes-centimeters 1.3558 x 10^7
Ergs 1.3558 x 10^7
Horsepower-hours 5.05 x 10^-7
Joules 1.3558
Newton-meters 1.3558
-------------------------------------------
Inches Angstrom units 2.54 x 10^8
Centimeters 2.54
Feet 0.0833
Meters 0.0254
-------------------------------------------
Feet 3.2808
Inches 39.370
Miles (statute) 0.000621
Miles (statute) Feet 5280
Kilometers 1.609
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Circular mils Square centimeters 5.067 x 10^-6
Square inches 7.854 x 10^-7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cubic inches Cubic centimeters 16.387
Gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.00433
-------------------------------------------
Cubic meters Cubic feet 35.315
-------------------------------------------
Gallons (U.S. liquid) Cubic inches 231
Liters 3.785
Ounces 128
Pints 8
Liters Cubic centimeters 1000.028
Cubic inches 61.025
Gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.2642
Ounces (U.S. liquid) 33.815
Quarts (U.S. liquid) 1.0567
Quarts (U.S. liquid) Cubic centimeters 946.353
Cubic inches 57.75
Gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.25
Liters 0.9463
Pints (U.S. liquid) 2
Ounces (U.S. liquid) 32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Days Hours 24
Minutes 1440
Years Days 365
Hours 8760
Minutes 525,600
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynes Gallons (U.S. liquid) 264.172
To convert from To Multiply by
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Btus Calorie-grams 251.996
Ergs 1.054 x 10^10
Foot-pounds 777.649
Hp-hours 0.000393
Joules 1054.35
Kilowatthours 0.000293
Wattseconds 1054.35
-------------------------------------------
Ergs Dyne-centimeters 1.0
Electronvolts 6.242 x 10^11
Foot-pounds 7.376 x 10^-8
Joules 1 x 10^-7
Kilowatthours 2.777 x 10^-14
-------------------------------------------
Electronvolts Ergs 1.60209 x 10^-12
-------------------------------------------
Foot-pounds Dynes-centimeters 1.3558 x 10^7
Ergs 1.3558 x 10^7
Horsepower-hours 5.05 x 10^-7
Joules 1.3558
Newton-meters 1.3558
-------------------------------------------
Joules Btu 0.000948
Ergs 1 x 10^7
Foot-pounds 0.7376
Horsepower-hours 3.725 x 10^-7
Kilowatthours 2.777 x 10^-7
Wattseconds 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Centimeters Angstrom units 1 x 10^8
Feet 0.0328
Inches 0.3937
Meters 0.01
Miles (statute) 6.214 x 10^-6
Millimeters 10
-------------------------------------------
Feet Centimeters 30.48
Meters 0.3048
Meters 0.3048
-------------------------------------------
Inches Angstrom units 2.54 x 10^8
Centimeters 2.54
Feet 0.0833
Meters 0.0254
-------------------------------------------
Meters Angstrom units 1 x 10^10
Centimeters 100Feet 3.2808
Inches 39.370
Miles (statute) 0.000621
-------------------------------------------
Miles (statute) Feet 5280
Kilometers 1.609
Meters 1609.344
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Circular mils Square centimeters 5.067 x 10^-6
Square inches 7.854 x 10^-7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cubic inches Cubic centimeters 16.387
Gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.00433
-------------------------------------------
Cubic meters Cubic feet 35.315
-------------------------------------------
Gallons (U.S. liquid) Cubic inches 231
Liters 3.785
Ounces 128
Pints 8
-------------------------------------------
Liters Cubic centimeters 1000.028
Cubic inches 61.025
Gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.2642
Ounces (U.S. liquid) 33.815
Quarts (U.S. liquid) 1.0567
-------------------------------------------
Quarts (U.S. liquid) Cubic centimeters 946.353
Cubic inches 57.75
Gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.25
Liters 0.9463
Pints (U.S. liquid) 2
Ounces (U.S. liquid) 32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Days Hours 24
Minutes 1440
Seconds 86,400
-------------------------------------------
Hours Seconds 3600
-------------------------------------------
Years Days 365
Hours 8760
Minutes 525,600
Seconds 3.1536 x 10^7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dynes Gallons (U.S. liquid) 264.172
Newtons 0.00001
Pounds 2.248 x 10^-6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foot-candles Lumens/square foot 1.0
Lumens/square meter 10.764
Lumens Candle power (spher.) 0.0796
-------------------------------------------
Lumens/square centimeter Lamberts 1.0
-------------------------------------------
Lumens/square foot Foot-candles 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gauss Maxwells/square centimeter 1.0
Lines/square centimeter 1.0
Lines/square inch 6.4516
-------------------------------------------
Lines/square centimeter Gauss 1.0
-------------------------------------------
Lines/square inch Gauss 0.1550
-------------------------------------------
Lines Maxwells 1.0
-------------------------------------------
Maxwells Lines 1.0
-------------------------------------------
Webers Lines 1 x 10^8
Maxwells 1 x 10^8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gilberts Ampere-turns 0.7958
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oersteds Ampere-turns/inch 2.0212
Ampere-turns/meter 79.577
Gilberts/centimeter 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Grams Dynes 980.665
Ounces 0.0353
Pounds 0.0022
-------------------------------------------
Pounds 2.248 x 10^-6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Foot-candles Lumens/square foot 1.0
Lumens/square meter 10.764
-------------------------------------------
Lumens Candle power (spher.) 0.0796
Lumens/square centimeter Lamberts 1.0
-------------------------------------------
Lumens/square foot Foot-candles 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gauss Maxwells/square centimeter 1.0
Lines/square centimeter 1.0
Lines/square inch 6.4516
-------------------------------------------
Lines/square centimeter Gauss 1.0
-------------------------------------------
Lines/square inch Gauss 0.1550
Webers/square inch 1 x 10^-8
-------------------------------------------
Lines Maxwells 1.0
-------------------------------------------
Maxwells Lines 1.0
Webers 1 x 10^-8
-------------------------------------------
Webers Lines 1 x 10^8
Maxwells 1 x 10^8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gilberts Ampere-turns 0.7958
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Oersteds Ampere-turns/inch 2.0212
Ampere-turns/meter 79.577
Gilberts/centimeter 1.0
Grams Dynes 980.665
Ounces 0.0353
Pounds 0.0022
-------------------------------------------
Kilograms Dynes 980.665
Ounces 35.2
Pounds 2.2
-------------------------------------------
Pounds 32.1740
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Horsepower Btus/hour 2547.16
Ergs/second 7.46 x 10^9
Foot-pounds/second 550.221
Joules/second 746
Watts 746
-------------------------------------------
Watts Btus/hour 3.4144
Ergs/second 1 x 10^7
Horsepower 0.00134
Joules/second 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Miles/hour Kilometers/hour 1.609344
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newton-meters Dyne-centimeters 1 x 10^7
Kilogram-meters 0.10197
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Radians Degrees 57.2958
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pounds 32.1740
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Horsepower Btus/hour 2547.16
Ergs/second 7.46 x 10^9
Foot-pounds/second 550.221
Joules/second 746
Watts 746
-------------------------------------------
Watts Btus/hour 3.4144
Ergs/second 1 x 10^7
Horsepower 0.00134
Joules/second 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Miles/hour Kilometers/hour 1.609344
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Newton-meters Dyne-centimeters 1 x 10^7
Kilogram-meters 0.10197
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Radians Degrees 57.2958
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Joule - J
Joule (J) is a unit of measurement for energy in the SI or MKS system. Equal to 0.7378 foot-pound in the English system and 107 ergs in the CGS system.
Meter - m
The meter (m) is a unit of measure for length in the SI and MKS systems. Equal to 1.094 yards in the English system and 100 centimeters in the CGS system.
The standard of meter unit:
The meter (m) was originally defined in 1790 to be 1/10,000,000 the distance between the equator and either pole at sea level.
The meter is now defined with reference to the speed of light in a vacuum, which is 299,792,458 m/s.
The standard of meter unit:
The meter (m) was originally defined in 1790 to be 1/10,000,000 the distance between the equator and either pole at sea level.
The meter is now defined with reference to the speed of light in a vacuum, which is 299,792,458 m/s.
Second - s
The second (s) is a unit of measurement for time in the SI, MKS, English, and CGS systems.
The standard of second unit:
The second (s) was redefined in 1967 as 9,192,631,770 periods of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a particular transition of the cesium atom.
The standard of second unit:
The second (s) was redefined in 1967 as 9,192,631,770 periods of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a particular transition of the cesium atom.
Newton - N
Newton (N) is a unit of measurement for force in the SI and MKS systems. Equal to 100,000 dynes in the CGS system.
Pound - lb
Pound (lb) is a unit of measurement for force in the English system. Equal to 4.45 newtons in the SI or MKS system.
Kilogram - kg
The kilogram (kg) is a unit of measure for mass in the SI and MKS systems. Equal to 1000 grams in the CGS system.
The standard of kilogram unit:
The kilogram is defined as a mass equal to 1000 times the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of pure water at 4°C.
The standard of kilogram unit:
The kilogram is defined as a mass equal to 1000 times the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of pure water at 4°C.
Slug
Slug is a unit of measure for mass in the English system. Equal to 14.6 Kilograms in the SI or MKS system.
English and metric systems of units
English and metric systems of units
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
English Metric SI
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MKS CGS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Length:
Yard (yd) Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Meter (m)
(0.914 m) (39.37 in.) (2.54 cm = 1 in.)
(3 feet (ft)) (100 cm)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mass:
Slug Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Kilogram (kg)
(14.6 kg) (1000 g)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Force:
Pound (lb) Newton (N) Dyne (dyn) Newton (N)
(4.45 N) (100,000 dynes)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature:
Fahrenheit (°F) Celcius or Centigrade (°C) Kelvin (K)
(=9/5 °C+32) Centigrade (°C) K=273.15+°C
(=5/9(°F-32))
Boiling
212 °F 100 °C 100 °C 373.15 K
Freezing
32 °F 0 °C 0 °C 273.15 K
Absolute zero
-459.7 °F -273.15 °C -273.15 °C 0 K
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy:
Foot-pound (ft-lb) Newton-meter (N.m) Dyne-centimeter Joule (J)
(1.356 joules) or joule (J) or erg
(0.7376 ft-lb) (1 joule = 107 ergs)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time:
Second (s) Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
English Metric SI
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MKS CGS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Length:
Yard (yd) Meter (m) Centimeter (cm) Meter (m)
(0.914 m) (39.37 in.) (2.54 cm = 1 in.)
(3 feet (ft)) (100 cm)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mass:
Slug Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Kilogram (kg)
(14.6 kg) (1000 g)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Force:
Pound (lb) Newton (N) Dyne (dyn) Newton (N)
(4.45 N) (100,000 dynes)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature:
Fahrenheit (°F) Celcius or Centigrade (°C) Kelvin (K)
(=9/5 °C+32) Centigrade (°C) K=273.15+°C
(=5/9(°F-32))
Boiling
212 °F 100 °C 100 °C 373.15 K
Freezing
32 °F 0 °C 0 °C 273.15 K
Absolute zero
-459.7 °F -273.15 °C -273.15 °C 0 K
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy:
Foot-pound (ft-lb) Newton-meter (N.m) Dyne-centimeter Joule (J)
(1.356 joules) or joule (J) or erg
(0.7376 ft-lb) (1 joule = 107 ergs)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Time:
Second (s) Second (s) Second (s) Second (s)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Units of Measurement
The numerical value substituted into an equation must have the unit of measurement specified by the equation.
If a unit of measurement is applicable to a result or piece of data, then it must be applied to the numerical value.
If a unit of measurement is applicable to a result or piece of data, then it must be applied to the numerical value.
SI system
SI system is the system of units adopted by the IEEE in 1965 and the USASI in 1967 as the International System of Units (Système International d'Unités).
MKS system
The MKS system is the system of units employing the Meter, Kilogram, and Second as its fundamental units of measure.
CGS System
CGS system is the system of units employing the Centimeter, Gram, and Second as its fundamental units of measure.
Systems of Units
The systems of units are:
1) English system of units.
2) Metric system of units:
the MKS system uses Meters, Kilograms, and Seconds and the CGS system uses Centimeters, Grams, and Seconds
3) International System SI of Units (Le Système International d'Unités)
1) English system of units.
2) Metric system of units:
the MKS system uses Meters, Kilograms, and Seconds and the CGS system uses Centimeters, Grams, and Seconds
3) International System SI of Units (Le Système International d'Unités)
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